As a sometime visitor to the Australian outback town Broken
Hill (birthplace of one of the world’s biggest mining companies), I love to
visit the sculptures at the peak of Sundown Hill, within Broken Hill's Living
Desert reserve.
The 12 sculptures were commissioned a quarter of a century
ago. Three of the sculptures are by
Indigenous Australians, and the international artists are represented by three
Georgians, two Mexicans and two Syrians.
Undoubtedly one of the most striking sculptures is “Horse” (above) by Georgian sculptor Jumber Jikaya. In his artist statement, Jumber explains
his 'work is a tribute to horses. People must be aware of the nobility of the
horse. At Stalin's request, all the Georgian horses (a special European breed)
were slaughtered'. Jumber’s words are there for all to see alongside his
statue.
But did Stalin request the slaughter of all of a special
breed of Georgian horse?
Where is the evidence?
This is a shocking allegation, an allegation designed to
arouse disgust and hatred towards a man already demonised as a mass murderer
and bloodthirsty tyrant. Alongside dogs and dolphins, horses hold a special
place in the hearts of humans. What sort
of evil could call for the slaughter of such a noble animal?
A special breed?
My first problem in searching for the evidence lay in
identifying a horse breed peculiar to Georgia in particular and to greater
Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) more generally.
I could find no reference in English to a specifically
Georgian breed on the web. And I could
not conduct searches in any of the three Caucasian languages, nor in Russian,
which may have turned up some of the evidence I was seeking. On the other hand, if such a shocking
allegation against Stalin were true, then one would expect it to be readily
available in English as further proof that Stalin is indeed the monster of
anti-Communist depiction. (I confess here that I think history will be kinder
to Stalin than the anti-Communists of the present era: he was the architect of Soviet
industrialisation and arguably the most important leader of the Allied fight
against Hitler Germany.)
However, there were references to a horse bred by the
Turkmen of Central Asia which may have shared ancestry with Arabian horses. It
was taller than Arabians and had a longer back. It was noted for its endurance.
Although no pure Turkmene horses survive, their decline occurred long before
Stalin. Four other breeds are said to
have descended from the Turkmene: the Akhal-Teke, the Iomud (or Yomud or Yamud),
the Goklan and the Nokhorli. The Iomud and Goklan are bred by the Iomud and
Goklan tribes whose boundaries are within Iran, not Georgia or Transcaucasia.
The Akhal-Teke and Nokhorli originated in what is now modern Turkmenistan.
It was the Akhal-Teke that made me first think I had found
some evidence to support Jumber Jikaya’s assertion. A paper by Beverley Davis, Timeline of the
Development of the Horse[1],
had this interesting reference:
1935: Horsemen on 15
Akhal-Tekes and Iomuds ride from Ashkhabad to Moscow, 2,580 miles, including
600 miles of desert, in 84 days, to save the breed from Stalin’s order to do
away with their stud.
The “request” (Jikaya) had now become an “order” (Davis), but it related
to a stud, not to the breed as a whole.
Again, where was the evidence? No
book on Stalin I could access, and nowhere in Stalin’s Collected Works, was there any reference to such an order. The
internet turned up other references to the ride, but not one that supported
Davis.
Wikipedia had a reference that contained no motive for the ride. It simply said: “The breed is known for its endurance,[11] as shown in 1935 when a group of Turkmen riders rode the 2500 miles from Ashgabat to Moscow in 84 days, including a three-day crossing of
235 miles of desert without water.[12] “[2]
Two authors published a book in 2007 which referred to the ride, again without
a clear purpose for the undertaking.
They wrote: “The Russian military's interest in the Akhal-Teke horse
partially compensated for the disruption of the horse-dependent traditional
Turkmen way of life, but only briefly. A prolonged experiment undertaken by
Russians to improve the breed and increase its size through crossbreeding to
the English Thoroughbred ended in failure, as was convincingly demonstrated by
the famous 1935 Ashkhabad-Moscow endurance ride… Akhal-Tekes are perhaps best known for their
extraordinary aptitude for endurance riding. In 1935, their suitability for the
cavalry was tested in a famous endurance ride from Ashkhabad, to Moscow, a
distance of 4330 kilometers (2,600 miles). Twenty-eight riders, riding
Akhal-Tekes, the related Yomud breed and Anglo-Teke crosses, covered a broad
range of terrain, including a severe, three-day, 360 kilometer (215 miles) test
under the scorching sun of the Kara Kum desert. From the desert, which though
stressful, was familiar terrain, they then rode through mosquito infested
swamps, over rugged, stony footing, through heavy rain and huge forests. Eighty-four
days later they arrived in Moscow. The purebred Akhal-Tekes, notably Arab and
Alsakar, arrived in significantly better condition than the Anglo-Teke crosses,
impressive evidence for the superiority of the purebred Akhal-Teke for
hardiness and endurance.”[3]
Why was “evidence for the superiority of the purebred Akhal-Teke” needed?
The Soviets had apparently tried to improve the breed. This interpretation is clearly stated by Carolyn
Willekes: “In 1935 the endurance capabilities of the purebred Akhal Tekes were
put to the test when a group of Teke tribesmen rode their stallions from
Ashkhabad to Moscow. The purpose of this epic trek was to prove the importance
of preserving pure Akhal Teke bloodlines, as crosses with Thoroughbreds were
becoming more frequent thus diluting the traditional desert adaptations of this
type. The feat was repeated in 1988 when 29 Turkomen stallions – 27 Akhal tekes
and 2 Iomuds – were ridden from Ashkhabad to Moscow across Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Russia. The horses were faced with extreme weather
conditions and varying terrain as well as frequent shortages of food and water.
The ride was completed in 60 days and only one of the 29 horses did not finish.”
[4]
Not only did Stalin not “request” the slaughter of any breed that I can
discover, and not only did he not “order” the closure of an Akhal-Teke stud,
but the ride was a celebrated effort and the subject of a Soviet newsreel,
available on Youtube[5]. The organisers of the ride made the
impression they intended: crossbreeding with the English Thoroughbred was
officially halted after 1935 and a second Akhal-Teke studfarm was set up at
Djambul in Kazakhstan[6].
Jikaya’s motive?
If we can find no reference to Stalin having ordered the slaughter of
Georgian or any other horses, then what might Jikaya’s motive be for creating
artwork based on a falsehood? I can’t
find much on Jikaya, although he does have another horse statue (XX Century
- The Dying Horse) at Mt Penang Gardens
on NSW Central Coast. And he and his brother (who also has a piece at Broken
Hill’s Living Desert), began a three-horse sculpture, Horses of the Wind, in
Rustavi, a city 25km to the south of the Georgian capital Tbilisi. Only two
horses were completed by 2007 (right) when it became apparent to the brothers that city
funding was not going to eventuate, so they removed the two already put in
place[7].
So far, this merely shows the symbolic and
aesthetic importance of the horse for the Jikayas.
However, at least two other statues by Jumber Jikaya exist and indicate
the character of his politics.
In October 2015, a statue of two British siblings by Jumber Jikaya was
unveiled in Tbilisi. Marjory Wardrop
(1869-1909) was an English scholar and translator of Georgian literature. Her
brother Sir John Oliver Wardrop (1864-1948) was a British diplomat. In July
1919 he was offered the post of the first British Chief Commissioner of Transcaucasus
in Tbilisi. He promoted Georgian nationalist culture and tried to gather
support from the capitalist nations that had entered the newly-formed Soviet
Union in support of the White Armies in the civil war. He left when Bolshevism triumphed in Georgia.
Today, he and his sister are remembered as heroes of Georgian anti-Communism[8].
Earlier this year, Jikaya won a contest of the City Hall of Tbilisi for
a sculpture commemorating the anti-Communist Czech leader and first President
of the new Czech Republic, Vaclev Havel. The statue (above) was unveiled by the President
of Georgia, H.E. Giorgi Margvelashvili, together with the Minister of Defense
of the Czech Republic, Mr. Martin Stropnicky.
Putting his artistic skill at the service of heroes of anti-Communism is
Jikaya’s prerogative; however, it does raise questions about his motives in
impugning Stalin as a slaughterer of that noble animal, the horse.
People who live in
glass houses….
Anyway, it hardly suits for Australia to go throwing stones at Stalin
for his alleged mistreatment of horses. Can we so easily forget the fate of the
noble Walers, 121,324 of which were sent overseas to the allied armies in
Africa, Europe, India and Palestine in World War 1, only one of which returned, "Sandy",
the mount of a Major-General who died at Gallipoli. The rest were slaughtered
by their own riders (on orders because of the cost of shipping them back to
Australia, and the cost of quarantine measures) or sold for horse meat to the
hungry in France and Belgium. Did Jikaya know about this?
Even as late as May of this year (2017) it was reported that Australian
horses, ponies and donkeys can be exported for slaughter overseas without any
control over what happens to them - a loophole authorities are trying to shut[9].
Post Script January 25 2020
Today I have found a further item of interest on a Russian Language website. It is the text of greetings sent by Stalin to the horsemen who made the 1935 ride to Moscow. The translation may not be perfect (I used Google Translate) but it confirms Stalin's appreciation of the horses and their riders:
Post Script January 25 2020
Today I have found a further item of interest on a Russian Language website. It is the text of greetings sent by Stalin to the horsemen who made the 1935 ride to Moscow. The translation may not be perfect (I used Google Translate) but it confirms Stalin's appreciation of the horses and their riders:
TO THE COMMANDOR
HORSE RIDING ASHGABAT-MOSCOW
Comrade Sokolov
Friendly thanks to the horsemen of
Turkmenistan for the greeting.
I congratulate them on the successful
conduct of an unprecedented run in the history of cavalry.
Only clarity of purpose, perseverance in
achieving the goal and firmness of character, breaking each and every obstacle,
could ensure such a glorious victory.
The Communist Party can congratulate
itself, since it is these qualities that it cultivates among the working people
of all nationalities of our vast Motherland.
I. STALIN
Pravda. August 25, 1935
2 comments:
I cant blame stalin specifically but it is written in the akhalteke.net that those famous horses were slaughered in huge numbers thoroughout the time of communist regime.
http://www.ahalteke.net/
Zoe, thanks for drawing my attention to the ahalteke website. This appears to be the paragraph you refer to, but I can't see a reference to the slaughter of horses in huge numbers under the communists. There is a reference to the government (not Stalin personally) allegedly wanting the horses slaughtered for food, but if they were all then released into the desert, why were there still horses in a stud that took part in the great ride to Moscow? I'm trying to keep an open mind, but I need evidence. Here's what I think is the paragraph, Maybe there's something else on the site I haven't found:
"Prior to the Russian occupation of 1917, nearly every Turkmen family
owned at least one or two horses. With Bolshevism however, came an
end to private ownership and the horses were placed in state-owned stud
farms. Rather than surrender their beloved horses to such a fate many
tribesmen fled with them to Persia and Afghanistan. When it was then
decreed that the horses in the stud farms were to be slaughtered for food,
breeders released them into the desert, their natural habitat, thereby
preventing what may have resulted in the annihilation of the akhalteke
breed within the borders of Turkmenistan. In 1935, fifteen akhaltekes
were ridden 3000 kilometers, from Ashgabat to Moscow, in eighty-four
days, to demonstrate to Joseph Stalin their formidable strength in the
hopes that he would grant his permission for their continued breeding. The campaign was a success."
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